뉴욕 독립 영화의 새로운 바람14_뉴욕 영화인들의 인터뷰(3)

라이언 베르너 Ryan Werner
배급자

 라이언 베르너는 IFC Films 의 배급을 맡고 있다. 허우 샤오 시엔Hou Hsiao-hsien^[각주:1] , 라스 폰 트리에^[각주:2], 아르노 데스플레셍^[각주:3], 올리비에 아사야스^[각주:4], 의 영화를 제작했다. 필요하다면, Vod(video on demand)와 극장 개봉을 동시에 거침없이 진행한다. 거기엔 이유가 있다.

●배급에서 가장 중요한 변화는 무엇인가요?
 시장에 전무한 위기가 닥친 지가 3년 째입니다. 많은 스튜디오가 문을 닫았어요. 그래서 배급 환경을 많이 바뀌었고, 제한된 방법으로 활성화시키기 어려웠어요. 모험은 너무 위험했죠. IFC는 day-and-date 로 영화를 개봉하기로 한 첫 배급사입니다. VoD와 상영관이나 케이블에서 동시에요. IFC Films 은 레인보우 미디어Rainbow Media 그룹에 소속된 회사예요. 선댄스 방송국도 여기에 속하죠. 켄 로치의 보리밭을 흔드는 바람 WInd That Shakes the Barley(2006) 이 첫 성공작이었죠. 이후에 구스 반 산트, 스파이크 리 등의 감독들과 작업을 했어요. 처음에 day-and-date 는 큰 반향을 일으켯어요. 많은 관계자들이 VoD로 보여질 영화를 거부했어요. 지금은 대도시의 500여개의 상영관이 우리의 수중에 있죠. 거대한 충격으로 아직 그 여파가 있지만, 우린 계속 낯선 영화나 다큐멘터리, 자국의 독립영화들을 배급할 겁니다.

●어떤 원칙을 두고 일하시나요?
 경우에 따라서요. 크리스티앙 문주^[각주:5] 감독의 4달,3주,그리고 2일 을 구매했는데, 그 영화로 황금종려상을 받았죠. 하지만 그 때문이 아니라도, 우린 Vod로 수익을 얻을 수 있을 거라 생각했어요. 고모라 Gomorra( Matteo Garone, 2008 ), 체Che(Steven Soderbergh, 1963 ), 4달 3주 그리고 2일 같은 많은 영화들이 미국의 주요도시에서 상영되었죠. 중요한 건 다음이예요 : 최대한의 상영관을 확보하였는가? 100개, 200개보다 많다고 할 수 있는가? 안티크라이스트나 엔터 더 보이드 (가스파 노에,2009)같은 경우는 좀 더 복잡하죠. 대도시의 대중을 목표로 한 게 아니기 때문에, VoD에 적합했어요. day-and-date 는 극장의 손실 없이도 대중을 끌어들일 수 있는 시스템입니다.
 
●IFC FILMs은 VoD때문에 극장이 빌 거라는 사람들의 생각과는 반대군요...
 VoD에 의해서 입소문을 타고 사람들이 극장으로 올거라고 생각합니다 : 관객이 많아지면, VoD의 효과가 나타나는 거죠. 모든 세계에서 NewYork Times를 읽어요. 비평문이 실리면, 모두가 읽고, 그 중에 몇몇은 극장에 가지 않겠죠. 아르노 데스플레생의 크리스마스 이야기 Un conte de Noël 은 천3백만 달러의 수익을 올리며 박스오피스 1위에 올랐죠. 그게 day-and-date 덕분입니다.  마찬가지로 올리비에 아사야스의 여름의 조각들 L'heure d'été 도 천7백만의 수익을 올렸죠.
  
●Matteo Garron 감독의 고모라Gomorra 는 2008년 3백만 달러의 수익을 기록했습니다. 이탈리아 영화로 이례적인 성공이었어요.
 우린 칸 영화제에서 고모라를 구입한 다음에 토론토와 텔류라이드(미국 플로리다 주) 에 갔어요. 골든 글러브에서 최우수 외국영화상에 선정되었었거든요. 우린 오스카에서도 최우수 외국 영화상을 수상할 거라 생각했지만 그렇진 않았죠. 스캔들은 홍보면에서 일조를 합니다. 로베르토 사비아노 Roberto Saviano ^[각주:6] 는 마피아로부터 공격을 당했고 언론에서 대서특필했어요. 마틴 스코세지나 닉 필레기^[각주:7]와 개봉 당시 함께 있었죠. 미국에서 마피아 영화는 아주 대중적이고 고모라같은 영화 상영은 순조로웠어요 : 《고모라 같은 마피아 영화는 이제껏 본 적이 없다!》비평가들은 찬사를 보냈죠. 결과는 이래요 : 낯선 영화를 보러가지 않던 사람들도 고모라를 보려고 극장에 갔죠.

●그런 의미에서, 평단의 호평은 중요할까요?
 그 어느때보다 더 중요해졌어요. IFC 배급사의 많은 작가주의 영화들이 때를 기다려야 해요. 더이상의 투자가 이뤄지기 힘들거든요. 다시 말해, 크리스토프 오노레 Christophe Honoré 같이 대중의 평가에 좌우되지 않는 감독들도 VoD에서 성공적입니다.
 지금은 미국 영화계에서 보다 더 중요한 건 젊은 감독들이 《멈블코어^[각주:8]》라는 이름으로 재편성되고 있다는 겁니다 : 아론 카츠, 앤드류 뷰잘스키^[각주:9], 레나 던햄^[각주:10], 조 스완버그 ^[각주:11]등등...사프디 형제의 Lenny and the Kids 에 전념하고 있어요. 2009년 칸느 영화제에서 15인의 감독 에 선정되었죠. 20년 안으로, 사람들은 어떤 영화가 중요한지, 어떤 점이 중요한지 알게 될 겁니다. 하지만 지금으로선, 힘든게 사실이죠.

●영화제가 배급에 영향을 미칩니까?
 칸느 영화제에 선정이 되면, 언론의 관심을 받게 되죠. 매년, 안티크라이스트같이 칸 영화제 덕을 보는 작품이 있어요. 텔루리드, 토론토, 뉴욕에서 엄청난 스포트라이트를 받게 되죠.

●매해마다 몇 편의 작품의 판권을 구매하시나요?
 2011년에, 84편으로 예상했습니다. 50편은 장르 영화이고, 공포 영화는 특별히 우리 이름으로 배급될 거예요.

 

2011.9.30,  뉴욕에서
엘리자베스 르케레 

출처 : 91 - 92쪽, cahiers du cinéma Nº 2011.9
기사 : élisabeth Lequeret
불한번역 : Plongeur ( zamsoobu )

1. Hou Hsiao-Hsien (simplified Chinese: 侯孝贤; traditional Chinese: 侯孝賢; pinyin: Hóu Xiàoxián; Wade–Giles: Hou2 Hsiao4-hsien2) (born April 8, 1947) is an award-winning film director and a leading figure of Taiwan's New Wave cinema movement. [본문으로]
2. Lars von Trier (Danish pronunciation: [ˈlɑːs fʌn ˈtʁiːˀɐ]; born Lars Trier; 30 April 1956)[2] is a Danish film director and screenwriter. He is closely associated with the Dogme 95 collective, although his own films have taken a variety of different approaches, and have frequently received strongly divided critical opinion.[3] Von Trier began making films at the age of eleven. His first publicly released film was an experimental short called The Orchid Gardener, in 1977, and his first feature film came seven years later, The Element of Crime, in 1984. Among many prizes, awards and nominations, he is the recipient of the Palme d'Or, the Grand Prix, and the Prix du Jury at the Cannes Film Festival. [본문으로]
3. Arnaud Desplechin is the son of Robert and Mado Desplechin, and grew up in the Nord department. He has a brother named Fabrice who has acted in several of his films, and two sisters: novelist Marie Desplechin and screenwriter Raphaëlle Desplechin. Arnaud Desplechin studied film directing at the University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle then at the IDHEC, graduating in 1984. He made three short films inspired by the work of the Belgian novelist Jean Ray. During the late 1980s, Desplechin worked as a director of photography on several films. In 1990, Desplechin directed La Vie des morts, starring several actors who would go on to appear in multiple Desplechin films, such as Marianne Dénicourt, Emmanuelle Devos, Emmanuel Salinger and Thibault de Montalembert. The 54-minute-long film won the Jean Vigo Prize for Short Films, and was shown at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival. Desplechin's first feature-length movie, The Sentinel, premiered in 1992 at Cannes,[1] starring several actors from La vie des morts as well as Mathieu Amalric, Chiara Mastroianni, and Lászlo Szabó, who have also become frequent Desplechin collaborators. Desplechin's 1996 film My Sex Life... or How I Got Into an Argument was critically successful. In 2000, Desplechin made his first English-language film, Esther Kahn, adapted from a short story by Arthur Symons, and starred Summer Phoenix in the title role. The film was seen as a homage to François Truffaut's work because it deals with coming of age (a favorite Truffaut theme) and uses the New Wave cinema techniques that Truffaut pioneered. Three years later, Desplechin made two films adapting Edward Bond's play Playing 'In the Company of Men': one showing 70% rehearsal footage and 30% of the film itself; and the other with inverse proportions. The next year, he directed Kings and Queen, which mixed comedy and tragedy to tell the story of two ex-lovers played by Amalric and Devos. The film also starred Catherine Deneuve in the role of a psychiatrist. Kings and Queen was nominated for several awards and Amalric won the César Award for Best Actor. However, controversy arose when actress Marianne Denicourt, Desplechin's ex-girlfriend, accused him of revealing elements of her private life in the screenplay of Kings and Queen. In 2005, she published Mauvais génie ("Evil Genius"), describing her relationship with an unscrupulous film director called "Arnold Duplancher." In 2006 she unsuccessfully sued Desplechin.[2] In 2007, Desplechin filmed L'Aimée,, a documentary showing his father, his brother, and his nephews in the family house in Roubaix just before it was to be sold. That same year, he filmed the family drama A Christmas Tale, starring Deneuve, Amalric, Devos, and Mastroianni. This film was screened in competition at Cannes in 2008. [본문으로]
4. Olivier Assayas (born January 25, 1955) is a French film director and screenwriter. He made his debut in 1986, after directing some short films and writing for the influential film magazine Cahiers du cinéma.Assayas's father was French director/screenwriter Jacques Remy (1910–1981).[citation needed] Assayas started his career in the industry by helping him. He ghostwrote episodes for TV shows his father was working on when his health failed. His film Cold Water was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival.[1] His biggest hit to date has been Irma Vep, starring Hong Kong star Maggie Cheung, which manages to be a tribute both to French director Louis Feuillade and to Hong Kong cinema. While working at Cahiers du cinéma, Assayas wrote lovingly about European film directors he admires but also about Asian directors. One of his latest films is a documentary about Taiwanese filmmaker Hou Hsiao-Hsien. He married actress-director Mia Hansen-Løve. They met when Hansen-Løve, then seventeen at the time, starred in Assayas' 1998 feature Late August, Early September, but "[they] didn't get together until [she] was 20".[2] In April 2011, it was announced that he would be a member of the jury for the main competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.[3] [본문으로]
5. Cristian Mungiu (Romanian pronunciation: [kristiˈan munˈd͡ʒi.u]; b. 1968, Iaşi) is a Romanian filmmaker, winner of the Palme d'Or in 2007. After studying English literature at the University of Iaşi, he worked for a few years as a teacher and as a journalist. After that, he enrolled at the University of Film in Bucharest to study film directing. After graduating in 1998, Mungiu made several short films. In 2002, he debuted with his first feature film, Occident. Occident enjoyed critical success, winning prizes in several film festivals and being featured in Director’s Fortnight at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival. In 2007 Mungiu wrote and directed his second feature, 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days. The film was received enthusiastically, attracting critical praise and being selected in the official competition at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival, where it eventually won the coveted Palme d'Or for feature film,[1] marking the first time that prize was awarded to a Romanian filmmaker. Mungiu has said that early Miloš Forman and Robert Altman are important filmmakers who influenced him. He also respects the realism of Bicycle Thieves, among other famous realistic films. Mungiu is the brother of political analyst Alina Mungiu-Pippidi. [본문으로]
6. Roberto Saviano (born September 22, 1979) is an Italian writer and journalist. In his writings, articles, television programs, and books he employs prose and news-reporting style to narrate the story of the Camorra (a powerful Neapolitan mafia-like organization), exposing its territory and business connections. Since 2006, following the publication of his bestselling book Gomorrah (Gomorra in Italian), where he describes the clandestine particulars of the Camorra business, Saviano has been threatened by several Neapolitan “godfathers”. The Italian Minister of the Interior has granted him a permanent police escort. Because of his courageous stance, he is considered a "national hero" by author-philosopher Umberto Eco. He lives at a secret location to avoid reprisal attacks for his book about the mafia, Gomorrah [본문으로]
7. Nicholas Pileggi (born February 22, 1933 in New York City, New York) is an Italian-American author and screenwriter.Pileggi is best known for writing the book Wiseguy, which he adapted into the movie Goodfellas, and for writing the book and screenplay Casino. The movie versions of both were co-written and directed by Martin Scorsese. Pileggi also wrote the screenplay for the 1996 film City Hall. He began his career as a journalist and had a profound interest in the Mafia. This is where he developed his intuition to author books such as Wiseguy and Casino. He is also the author of the book Blye: Private Eye. He married Nora Ephron in 1987. Pileggi served as an executive producer of the 2007 film American Gangster, directed by Ridley Scott. [본문으로]
8. 저예산 제작, 유명하지 않은 배우, 지속적인 로우키(low-key) 조명 사용, 반(半) 즉흥적인 대화를 특징으로 하는 독립 영화 장르 [본문으로]
9. Andrew Bujalski, born April 29,[1] 1977 in Boston, Massachusetts, is an American film director, screenwriter and actor, who has been called the "Godfather of Mumblecore."[2][3][4]Bujalski's rough-edged, realistic films are often compared to the works of directors John Cassavetes, Maurice Pialat and Mike Leigh.[citation needed] All of his feature films were photographed on hand-held 16mm by Austrian cinematographer Matthias Grunsky and have a decidedly "lo-fi" feel (reinforced by Funny Ha Ha's distorted mono sound) and are often included in the mumblecore movement. The actors who appear in the films are non-professionals, many drawn from other media, including animator Kate Dollenmayer as the lead in Funny Ha Ha, musician Justin Rice as the lead in Mutual Appreciation and experimental filmmaker Bill Morrison in a supporting role in the same film. Funny Ha Ha featured a cast and crew of Harvard grads.[5] Though his films often appear "improvised", they are for the most part scripted; the dialogue is often noted for its drawn-out, awkward nature, with characters frequently evading key topics. Many of the films seem to start and end in medias res, giving the films a "slice of life" feeling that suggests a larger narrative or world that the audience is looking in on. The characters in Bujalski's films are mostly post-collegiate and middle-class, with many working white collar jobs. The desire for stability is a recurring theme, with many characters rushing headlong into attempts at a more controlled existence – this is exemplified by one of the main characters in Funny Ha Ha eloping with his ex-girlfriend. [본문으로]
10. Lena Dunham (born May 13, 1986) is a New York-based filmmaker.[1] She is the daughter of Laurie Simmons, an artist and photographer, and Carroll Dunham, a painter. Dunham graduated from Oberlin College in 2008, where she studied Creative Writing.[2] Her 2009 feature film, Tiny Furniture, won Best Narrative Feature at South by Southwest Music and Media Conference.[3] Dunham's television series, Girls, was green lit by HBO in early 2011.[4] The show will be executive produced by Judd Apatow.[ [본문으로]
11. Joe Swanberg (born August 31, 1981) is an American independent filmmaker. He is a member of the "Mumblecore" movement. His films include Kissing on the Mouth (2005), LOL (2006), Hannah Takes the Stairs (2007), Nights and Weekends (2008) and Alexander the Last (2009). He is also responsible for the Nerve.com online series Young American Bodies and has made numerous shorts, most of which are available online. He attended Southern Illinois University at Carbondale as a film major, earning a Bachelor's Degree in 2003. His work has attracted controversy for its graphic depictions of sex and on-screen nudity. Swanberg is also a noted proponent for Internet-based distribution for independent films. [본문으로]