Art and Humour (3)_다다 & 초현실주의 _ⓒ 초현실주의

살바도르 달리, Téléphone homard ou Téléphone,
1936, 가변재료, 혼합기술,

미친 털, 시정 한 줌

메레 오펜하임 Meret Oppendeim ,모피 점심 Déjeuner en fourrure
1936 , 모피로 뒤덮은 찻잔, 가죽과 찻잔, 11X 23.7 X 20 cm

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 모든 오브제에 잠재된 상황에서 시적 에너지를 불러일으켜라...바로 앙드레 브레통 André Breton 의 《충동적 미》라는 선언은 1936년부터 《초현실주의적 오브제》의 출현을 촉발시켰다 : 메레 오펜하임의 , 알베르토 자코메티 Alberto Giacometti 의 매달린 공 la Boule suspendu , 살바도르 달리 Salvador Dali 바닷가재 전화기 Téléphone homard  의...초현실주의 혁명은 창조와 상상에 힘을 실어주었다. 마르셀 뒤샹이 연출한 초현실주의 세계박람회는 유머를 좇고 있다 : 1938년 파리에서 암흑속에 드리워진 회화들은 손전등으로 겨우 볼 수 있었다. 혹은 1942년 뉴욕 《초현실주의의 첫 장》전시에서는 1.5km의 거대한 거미줄이 조명에 드리워진 것을 볼 수 있었다.   
《블랙 유머》의 화법은 1939년 블랙 유머 문집 l'Anthologie de l'humour noir 가 발간되기까지 존재하지 않았다. 유머를 공식적으로 정의한 것은 앙드레 브레통이지만, 그로 인해 우리는 자유로울 수 있었다.  프로이드 Freud ^[각주:1]이론에서는 그 속에 외부세계로부터 상처입지 않고 자아를 보호하는 위한 방어기제로 유머 이면의 무의식을 강조하고 있다. 앙드레 브레통은 이에 대해 텍스트를 인용한다 ; 알프레드 자리 Alfred Jarry 의 위비 왕 Ubu Roi 이 그것이다. 초자아가 없는 세계에서 모든 자격은 자기자신에게 주어진다 ; 레이몽드 후설^[각주:2]
의 작품에서는 현실적 요소를 전혀 수용하지 않는다 ; 그의 모든 작품의《동기》는 유머이므로, 피카소의 시 만이 있을 뿐 ; 장-피에르 브리세 Jean-Pierre Brisset ^[각주:3] 의 괴상한 글 ; 사드 Sade 역시 작품을《소유하는 찰나에, 판타지는 생겨난다 》고 강조하며, 《현실은 억압적인 것》이라고 하였다 ; 여기에 루이스 캐롤(Alice in the wonderland )은 행위와 몽상들을 뒤섞은 찬가를 보낸다...

출처  :  Beaux Arts Magazine N.326 , 2011.8
번역  :  PLONGEUSE ( zamsoobu )

1. Sigmund FREUD 1856~1939. 오스트리아의심리학자이자 정신분석학의 창시자. 비엔나대학 의학부에서생리학을 수학하고 학위를 취득하였다. 그 후 신경병리학 연구나 신경질환 치료에 종사하여 인간정신 중에는 무의식부분에서의 억압이나 저항 등의 작용에 의해 현실의 행동이 지배된다는 새로운 사상을 제창하였다. 그의 심리학은 정신분석학의 큰학파가 되어 이후의 심리학 발전에 대단히 큰 영향을 끼쳤다.그가 가설한 인간행동의 가장 기본적인 원동력인 리비도는 성적인 색채가 강한 행동에너지이며 이러한 개념을 인간 정신활동의 기저로 놓음에 따라 그의 이론은 생물학적이라고 일컬어진다. 1938년 나치에 의해 런던으로 추방되었으며 다음해에 사망하였다 [본문으로]
2. Raymond Roussel (Paris, January 20, 1877 - Palermo, July 14, 1933) was a French poet, novelist, playwright, musician, and chess enthusiast. Through his novels, poems, and plays he exerted a profound influence on certain groups within 20th century French literature, including the Surrealists, Oulipo, and the authors of the nouveau roman. [본문으로]
3. Jean-Pierre Brisset (La Sauvagère, 1837 – La Ferté-Macé, 1919) was a French writer. Born in a family of farmers, Brisset was an outsider writer, much like Henri Rousseau was an outsider artist. He is a saint on the 'Pataphysics calendar. His writings are in publication as of 2004. Brisset was an autodidact. Having left school at age twelve to help on the family farm, he apprenticed as a pastry chef in Paris three years later. In 1855, he enlisted in the army for seven years and fought in the Crimean War. En 1859, he learned Italian thanks to the war in Italy against the Austrians. After he was wounded at the Battle of Magenta, he was taken prisoner. During the Franco-Prussian War, he was a second lieutenant in the 50e régiment d'infanterie de ligne. Taken prisoner again, he was sent to Magdeburg in Saxony where he learned German. In 1871 he published La natation ou l’art de nager appris seul en moins d’une heure (Learning the art of swimming alone in less than an hour) before resigning from the Army and moving to Marseilles, where he filed the patent for the "airlift swimming trunks and belt with a double compensatory reservoir". This commercial endeavor was a complete failure. He then returned to Magdeburg, where he earned his living as a language teacher, developing a method for learning French, which he published through a vanity press in 1874. He became stationmaster at the railway station of Angers, and later of L'Aigle. After publishing another book on the French language, he undertook his major philosophical work, which consisted in spreading his theory that Man's origins were in the water, and He was descended from Frogs. He supported his contention by comparing the French and frog languages (like "logement"= dwelling, comes from "l'eau" = water). He was dead serious about his "morosophy", and penned several books and pamphlets expounding his indisputable substantiations, which he had printed and distributed at his own expense. In 1912, novelist Jules Romains, who had got his hands on a copy of God's Mystery and The Human Origins, set up, with the help of a few fellow hoaxers, a rigged election for a "Prince of Thinkers". unsurprisingly, Brisset got elected. The Election Committee then called him to Paris in 1913, where he was received and acclaimed with great pomp. He partook in several ceremonies and a banquet, uttering emotional words of thanks for this unexpected late recognition of his work. Newspapers exposed the hoax on the next day. The Complete Works of Brisset have recently been reprinted by Marc Décimo, Dijon, Les Presses du réel, 2001. In an essay entitled, Jean-Pierre Brisset, Prince des Penseurs, inventeur, grammairien et prophète, Dijon, Les presses du réel, 2001, Marc Décimo has given a biography, explanations about Brisset's delirium about frogs as ancestors of humankind. Translations in several languages (European languages, Wolof, Armenian, Arabic, Houma, etc.) can be found in this book as well[citation needed] . Il also includes the major texts written about Brisset by Jules Romains, Marcel Duchamp, André Breton, Raymond Queneau, Michel Foucault. In 2004 the Art of Swimming (as a frog) was published in paperback. Around 2001, Ernestine Chassebœuf wrote several letters to French politicians, universities, railway stations, library directors, psychiatric hospitals, to suggest they name a street, a university, etc. after Brisset. Their answers were published on a website dedicated to him,[1] but there is no "rue Jean-Pierre Brisset" as of yet. Thanks to a bequest to Jules Romain, an annual dinner in his memory was made possible until 1939. [본문으로]